Quranic root
خلل
kh · l · l
A root centered on fineness or a gap between things: what is narrow, interstitial, penetrated, or left open.
From spaces and interstices come meanings of passing through, inserting or fastening, being amid something, and friendship conceived as intimate interpenetration; fineness also yields meanings of leanness, narrow paths, and deficiency or need.
- Maqāyīs · row 1626
- 3
- Quran-attested forms
- 4
- Quran senses
- 13
- Quran occurrences
Forms in the Quran
The forms this root actually takes in the Quran. Select one to jump to its senses and examples.
خَلِيل
khalīl
- Part of speech
- Noun
- Quran occurrences
- 4 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
A close, true, or intimate friend.
Used of a person bound by exceptionally sincere or intimate friendship; in the Quran it is used of Abraham as God's خليل and of a close friend. The plural form أَخِلَّاءُ is also attested.
- Lane · entry 19722
- Mufradāt · row 426
Selected Quran examples
خِلَال
khilāl
- Part of speech
- Noun
- Quran occurrences
- 8 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
Interstices, intervening spaces, or the midst of something; within or among.
Used for spaces between or within things, including the midst of people, houses, or clouds. Quranic contextual renderings include “within,” “amid,” and “in the midst.”
- Lane · entry 19715
- Mufradāt · row 426
Selected Quran examples
Quran 17:5word 13
“the inner most part”
Quran 24:43word 17
“their midst”
Quran 9:47word 9
“in your midst”
Mutual befriending or friendship.
In the construction لا بَيْعٌ فِيهِ وَلا خِلَالٌ, it denotes friendship or mutual befriending that cannot secure a benefit in the Hereafter; the form is also analyzed as a plural in this usage.
- Lane · entry 19702
- Mufradāt · row 426
Selected Quran examples
Quran 14:31word 21
“any friendship”
خُلَّة
khullah
- Part of speech
- Noun
- Quran occurrences
- 1 occurrence
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
True, intimate, or sincere friendship and affection.
A relational noun for a deep bond or intimate affection; in the Quran it occurs in the expression لا خُلَّةٌ, denying the availability of such a bond as a means of securing benefit in the Hereafter.
- Lane · entry 19713
- Mufradāt · row 426
Selected Quran examples
Quran 2:254word 16
“friendship”
Occurrences in the Quran
Every place this root appears, in Quran order. The first few are shown here.
- 2:254خُلَّةٌۭfriendship
- 4:125خَلِيلًۭا(as) a friend
- 9:47خِلَـٰلَكُمْin your midst
- 14:31خِلَـٰلٌany friendship
- 17:5خِلَـٰلَthe inner most part
Broader Classical Arabic meanings
Recorded for this root in the Classical lexicons beyond its Quran usage. These are secondary to the Quran senses above.
Show 84 Classical meanings
خَلَّ
To become lean, spare, or emaciated as the flesh diminishes.
An intransitive Form I use describing reduced flesh or bodily leanness.
- Lane · entry 19700
خَلَّ
To miss or fail to find something; of a camel, to miss its pasture and become lean.
The object or pasture is introduced with مِنْ in the cited construction.
- Lane · entry 19700
خَلَّ
To become poor, needy, or in want.
Said of a person who has entered a state of need.
- Lane · entry 19700
خَلَّ
To pierce, perforate, or transfix something or someone.
May be done with a spear, arrow, or other piercing implement; the cited usage includes repeated piercing.
- Lane · entry 19700
خَلَّ
To slit a young camel's tongue and insert a pin to prevent it from suckling.
A specialized husbandry practice intended to stop suckling and thereby cause the young camel to become lean.
- Lane · entry 19700
خَلَّ
To pin or fasten the edges of a garment or tent with a pointed stick.
The action joins or secures two edges by means of a خِلَال.
- Lane · entry 19700
خَلَّ
To move camels to pasture of the kind called خُلَّة.
A pasture-management expression, contrasted with pasture called حَمْض.
- Lane · entry 19700
خَلَّ
To particularize or specify, as opposed to making something general.
Used in the contrast عَمَّ وَخَلَّ, “included generally and specified particularly.”
- Lane · entry 19700
خَلَّلَ
To pick or extract material from between the teeth.
The object is food residue, removed with a toothpick or similar implement.
- Lane · entry 19701
خَلَّلَ
To separate or make something pass through its interstices.
Includes separating hair with a comb and causing water to flow between the beard hairs or fingers during ablution.
- Lane · entry 19701
خَلَّلَ
To fill the interstices of masonry with lime or mortar.
A constructional use referring to the gaps between stones.
- Lane · entry 19701
خَلَّلَ
To inspect plants or fruit individually and replace those that have not grown.
Attested of cucumbers, melons, and similar cultivated produce.
- Lane · entry 19701
خَلَّلَ
To become sour, acidic, spoiled, or changed into vinegar.
An intransitive use of beverages, expressed juice, or wine; some authorities restrict or disallow particular variants.
- Lane · entry 19701
خَلَّلَ
To make a beverage, must, or similar liquid into vinegar.
A transitive use alongside the intransitive sense of becoming sour or vinegary.
- Lane · entry 19701
خَلَّلَ
To preserve or pickle unripe dates and other produce with vinegar.
The cited procedure includes sunning the produce, sprinkling it with vinegar, and placing it in a jar.
- Lane · entry 19701
أَخَلَّ
To fall short, be remiss, neglect an obligation, or fail to fulfill a compact or promise.
Constructed with بِـ for the matter in which one falls short; includes neglect of belief, confession, works, promises, and compacts.
- Lane · entry 19703
أَخَلَّ
To become absent from, leave, abandon, or quit a place or station.
Used of abandoning an appointed military position or becoming absent from people.
- Lane · entry 19703
أَخَلَّ
To cause a frontier or border post to be held by a small body of troops.
A causative administrative or military construction.
- Lane · entry 19703
أَخَلَّ
To cause someone to want or need something.
Used in questions such as مَا أَخَلَّكَ إِلَى هَذَا, “what caused you to need this?”
- Lane · entry 19703
أَخَلَّ
Of camels, to pasture upon خُلَّة.
A pasture-related use of the Form IV verb.
- Lane · entry 19703
أَخَلَّ
In a specialized usage, to take from the front.
A marked, assumed tropical usage contrasted with taking from behind; it is retained as a specialized lexical expression.
- Lane · entry 19703
أَخَلَّ
Of a palm tree, to produce defective fruit or dates in the stage called خَلَال.
The sources record contrary descriptions of the fruit, so the entry preserves both the defective-fruit and named-stage usages without treating them as a single precise botanical diagnosis.
- Lane · entry 19703
تَخَلَّلَ
To enter, pass through, or penetrate the interstices or spaces within something.
Used of moving among people, through houses or sand, and figuratively of an admonition penetrating the heart; it also supports expressions meaning “without interruption.”
- Lane · entry 19704
تَخَلَّلَ
Of rain, to be confined to particular places rather than being general.
A specialized use describing localized rainfall.
- Lane · entry 19704
تَخَلَّلَ
To seek or pick dates remaining among the roots of palm branches.
Refers to dates left after the fruit clusters have been cut.
- Lane · entry 19704
تَخَالَّ
To act together as friends or to associate in mutual friendship.
A reciprocal Form VI expression used of several people.
- Lane · entry 19705
اِخْتَلَّ
To have or develop interstices, breaks, chinks, or gaps.
The concrete primary use describes a thing in which spaces or breaks have appeared.
- Lane · entry 19706
اِخْتَلَّ
To become shaky, loose, disordered, defective, weak, or unsound.
Used of things, affairs, constitutions, minds, or states that have deteriorated or become disordered.
- Lane · entry 19706
اِخْتَلَّ
To become lean, meagre, or emaciated.
Said of a body or person whose flesh has diminished.
- Lane · entry 19706
اِخْتَلَّ
To be wanted or needed.
Constructed with إِلَى; the passive expression may mean that someone or something has become needed.
- Lane · entry 19706
اِخْتَلَّ
To serve together.
A distinct, sparsely attested social usage.
- Lane · entry 19706
اِخْتَلَّ
To have or be confined in pasture of the kind called خُلَّة.
Said of a place containing such pasture or of camels confined to it.
- Lane · entry 19706
خَلْخَلَ
To put an anklet or anklets on a woman.
A specialized Form II use referring to the ornament خَلْخَال.
- Lane · entry 19707
خَلْخَلَ
To take the flesh from a bone.
A specialized extraction use.
- Lane · entry 19707
تَخَلْخَلَ
To put on an anklet or anklets.
A reflexive or intransitive use referring to a woman adorning herself with an anklet.
- Lane · entry 19708
تَخَلْخَلَ
Of a garment or cloth, to become old and worn out.
A specialized intransitive use.
- Lane · entry 19708
خَلّ
Vinegar: sour or acidified juice, especially from grapes or dates.
The entry also records medicinal and culinary uses and the idiom خَلٌّ وَلَا خَمْرٌ, whose value polarity varies by dialectal interpretation.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
A kind of salty, sour, or bitter plant or pasture, contrasted with خُلَّة.
A botanical and pastoral term with variation in the precise plant class included.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
A road or passage through or between tracts of sand.
The word may denote a sandy route, including one through heaped or separated sands.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
An oblong tract of sand.
A geographic use distinct from the route through sand.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
A vein in the neck or back communicating with the head.
An anatomical usage.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
A slit, rent, or opening in a garment or piece of cloth.
A concrete opening in woven material.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
An old, worn, thin, or streaked garment or cloth.
Also used adjectivally of a garment that has become worn or thin.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
A bird with no feathers or only a few feathers.
A specialized descriptive noun or epithet.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
A lean, meagre, or emaciated person or camel; in a contrary usage, fat.
The sources explicitly record both opposed applications, so the contrast is retained rather than resolved.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
A young camel in its second or third year.
A camel-age designation, also used of the corresponding female; one cited comparison emphasizes smallness.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلّ
A cautery.
A specialized nominal use.
- Lane · entry 19709
خَلَّة
A road between two roads.
A spatial noun for a route or passage between routes.
- Lane · entry 19712
خَلَّة
A small penetrating hole, perforation, or gap.
May denote a breach in a reed booth or similar structure.
- Lane · entry 19712
خَلَّة
The vacant place or gap left by a person who has died.
Used in supplications asking that the deceased person's absence be supplied or repaired.
- Lane · entry 19712
خَلَّة
The interval between a piercer and the thing pierced.
A specialized expression associated with striking or thrusting.
- Lane · entry 19712
خَلَّة
Want, poverty, need, straitness, or difficulty.
The noun may denote a pressing need that requires being supplied or relieved.
- Lane · entry 19712
خَلَّة
A quality, disposition, habit, or customary practice.
Used of a person's characteristic nature or conduct; its plural is خِلَال.
- Lane · entry 19712
خَلَّة
An isolated or elevated tract of sand.
The sources include both a separate sandy tract and a term compared with هَضْبَة.
- Lane · entry 19712
خَلَّة
Wine, especially sour or altered wine.
The sources differ over whether the word denotes wine generally, sour wine, or wine changed for the worse.
- Lane · entry 19712
خُلَّة
Sweet pasture, herbage, or trees that are not of the salty or sour kind called حَمْض.
A pastoral and botanical noun; usage varies over whether it includes trees, shrubs, or land without herbage.
- Lane · entry 19713
خُلَّة
Ease, repose, freedom from trouble, or ampleness of circumstances.
A figurative extension from pleasant pasture; it may also be contrasted figuratively with hardship or death.
- Lane · entry 19713
خُلَّة
Acid or sour leaven or ferment.
A specialized food-related noun.
- Lane · entry 19713
خِلَّة
The leather covering or lining of a sword scabbard; also a bow thong or decorated piece of skin.
The word covers related leather or skin components, including a thong at the curved end of a bow.
- Lane · entry 19714
خَلَل
A flaw, defect, imperfection, deficiency, looseness, or disorder.
Used figuratively of an affair, thing, war, people, or opinion that lacks compactness or soundness.
- Lane · entry 19715
خَلَل
The night.
A rare lexical usage recorded without further constructional restriction.
- Lane · entry 19715
خَلَال
Green dates in the stage called بَلَح.
A collective or dialectal noun with a singulative in ـة.
- Lane · entry 19719
خُلَال
An accident or change in a sweet substance that makes its flavor acidic or sour.
A specialized result noun related to the souring of beverages or foods.
- Lane · entry 19720
خِلَال
A pin, skewer, toothpick, or similar implement used to pierce, fasten, or clear an interstice.
Includes an iron or wooden piercing tool, a garment pin, a meat skewer, a camel-tongue pin, and a toothpick.
- Lane · entry 19721
خَلِيل
Perforated or transpierced.
A specialized adjectival use distinct from خَلِيل meaning a friend.
- Lane · entry 19722
خَلِيل
Poor, needy, or in want.
A nominal or adjectival use connected with the semantic notion of a gap or need, but distinct from the friendship noun.
- Lane · entry 19722
خَلِيل
One who advises, counsels, or acts sincerely and faithfully.
A specialized description of a trustworthy adviser.
- Lane · entry 19722
خَلِيل
The heart.
A rare anatomical or lexical use.
- Lane · entry 19722
خَلِيل
The liver.
A rare anatomical use.
- Lane · entry 19722
خَلِيل
The nose.
A rare anatomical use.
- Lane · entry 19722
خَلِيل
A sword.
A rare lexical use, including a named sword.
- Lane · entry 19722
خَلِيل
A spear.
A rare lexical use.
- Lane · entry 19722
خُلَالَة
Scattered ripe dates remaining among the roots of palm branches.
Refers to fruit left after the main clusters have been cut.
- Lane · entry 19724
خُلَالَة
Food residue that comes out from between the teeth when they are picked.
A noun for the remains removed by tooth-picking.
- Lane · entry 19724
خَلَّال
A seller of vinegar.
An occupational noun.
- Lane · entry 19727
خُلِّيّ
Pertaining to or pasturing upon خُلَّة.
Used adjectivally of a camel or camels and in expressions concerning the change between pasture types.
- Lane · entry 19728
خَلْخَال
Rough sand.
A specialized geographic description.
- Lane · entry 19731
خَلْخَال
A woman's anklet or pair of anklets.
A well-known women's ornament; variant forms and plural patterns are recorded in the source.
- Lane · entry 19731
خَالّ
Having gaps or interstices; uncompact or incoherent.
The cited adjectival forms can be applied to an army as well as to other things.
- Lane · entry 19732
أَخَلّ
More or most poor, needy, or in need.
A comparative or superlative derived from the use of أَخَلَّ إِلَيْهِ meaning “to need.”
- Lane · entry 19733
أَرْضٌ مَخَلَّةٌ
Land abounding in خُلَّة and lacking the pasture called حَمْض.
A pastoral description of land.
- Lane · entry 19736
مُخَلْخَل
The part of the leg where an anklet is worn.
Applied especially to the leg of a woman.
- Lane · entry 19738
مُخْتَلّ
Vehemently thirsty.
A specialized adjectival use.
- Lane · entry 19739
مُخْتَلّ
Weak or unsound; in a defective or disordered state.
Used especially of an affair or condition that lacks soundness.
- Lane · entry 19739
Cautions
Points that affect how this root should be read.
The Quranic form خِلَال has both a spatial/interstitial sense and a friendship sense; these are separated because the Quran uses them in materially different constructions.
One Lane passage uses an older citation notation for a friendship expression and reports a location not reproduced as a modern QAC occurrence. The friendship sense is retained on the basis of the lexical explanation and the independently supplied QAC/Mufradat evidence, without treating that Lane notation as a modern verse key.