Quranic root
صلب
ṣ · l · b
The root has two principal semantic branches: hardness, strength, and firmness; and the grease or oily matter extracted from bones.
The hardness branch extends to the backbone and loins, severe or vehement conditions, and the act of crucifying by fastening someone to a rigid support. The other branch concerns bone-fat extraction and related uses. The cross is named through its association with the support used for crucifixion.
- Maqāyīs · row 2815
- Mufradāt · row 844
- 3
- Quran-attested forms
- 3
- Quran senses
- 8
- Quran occurrences
Forms in the Quran
The forms this root actually takes in the Quran. Select one to jump to its senses and examples.
صَلَبَ
ṣalaba
- Part of speech
- Verb · Form I
- Form
- I
- Quran occurrences
- 2 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
To crucify; to put someone to death by the recognized method of fastening or suspending the person on a rigid support.
The active form denotes carrying out the crucifixion, while passive forms denote being crucified. The Quran uses the form both for a completed event and for a future or prospective event.
- Lane · entry 26325
- Lane · entry 26348
- Mufradāt · row 844
Selected Quran examples
Quran 4:157word 13
“they crucified him”
Quran 12:41word 10
“he will be crucified”
صَلَّبَ
ṣallaba
- Part of speech
- Verb · Form II
- Form
- II
- Quran occurrences
- 4 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
To crucify; to cause someone to undergo crucifixion.
The Quran uses the active form for a threat or intended execution and the passive form for the prescribed punishment. The construction may specify the support on which the person is crucified, as in being crucified on palm trunks.
- Lane · entry 26325
- Mufradāt · row 844
Selected Quran examples
Quran 5:33word 14
“they be crucified”
Quran 7:124word 7
“I will surely crucify you”
Quran 20:71word 18
“and surely I will crucify you”
Quran 26:49word 20
“and I will surely crucify you”
صُلْبٌ
ṣulbun
- Part of speech
- Noun
- Quran occurrences
- 2 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
The backbone, back, or loins; the bodily region extending along the back and, in lineage expressions, the paternal loins from which offspring are reckoned.
The Quran uses the plural in a kinship expression about descendants from one's loins, and the singular in an anatomical expression concerning the region between the backbone and the ribs.
- Lane · entry 26330
- Mufradāt · row 844
Selected Quran examples
Quran 4:23word 41
“your loins”
Quran 86:7word 4
“the backbone”
Occurrences in the Quran
Every place this root appears, in Quran order. The first few are shown here.
- 4:23أَصْلَـٰبِكُمْyour loins
- 4:157صَلَبُوهُthey crucified him
- 5:33يُصَلَّبُوٓا۟they be crucified
- 7:124لَأُصَلِّبَنَّكُمْI will surely crucify you
- 12:41فَيُصْلَبُhe will be crucified
Broader Classical Arabic meanings
Recorded for this root in the Classical lexicons beyond its Quran usage. These are secondary to the Quran senses above.
Show 42 Classical meanings
صَلُبَ
To be or become hard, firm, rigid, tough, strong, robust, or hardy.
Used of things and persons; of land, it may describe ground that has become hard after lying unsown for years.
- Lane · entry 26325
صَلُبَ
To be tenacious or avaricious with respect to property.
A construction with عَلَى expressing persistence or tight-fistedness concerning wealth.
- Lane · entry 26325
صَلُبَ
To become strong or potent, of a beverage.
Applied specifically to the strengthening of wine or another beverage.
- Lane · entry 26325
صَلَبَ
To cook bones and extract their grease or oily matter; by extension, to roast, broil, or fry meat so that its fat flows.
The object may be bones or flesh, and the extracted grease may be used as seasoning.
- Lane · entry 26325
صَلَبَ
To burn or scorch someone.
The sun may be the agent, with the burning understood as causing the person's sweat to flow.
- Lane · entry 26325
الصَّلْبُ
A prayer posture in which the hands are placed on the flanks and the arms are separated from the body.
A conventional term referring to the posture's resemblance to a crucified person's extended arms.
- Lane · entry 26325
صَلَبَ
To fit a leather bucket with crosswise wooden braces.
The braces keep the bucket from collapsing.
- Lane · entry 26325
صَلَبَتْ عَلَيْهِ حُمَّاهُ
For a fever to persist and become severe.
The construction describes fever continuing upon a person with marked intensity.
- Lane · entry 26325
صَلَّبَ
To render something hard, firm, strong, or robust.
Used of persons or things and, in a related construction, of a beverage made strong. This is the hardening use, distinct from the Quranic crucifixion use.
- Lane · entry 26325
- Lane · entry 26326
صَلَّبَ
To become dry, of ripe dates.
The form is used of ripe dates or an individual date reaching dryness.
- Lane · entry 26326
صَلَّبَ
To make or adopt a cross, make the sign of the cross, or figure a cross on a garment or other object.
The usage includes taking a cross for a church, making the cross-sign, and producing a cross-shaped mark or design.
- Lane · entry 26326
صَلَّبَ
To arrange or dispose something crosswise.
Used especially of arranging a woman's scarf or a man's turban in a crosswise manner.
- Lane · entry 26326
أَصْلَبَ
For a she-camel to stretch her neck upward so as to yield her fullest flow of milk to her young.
A specialized Form IV usage describing the camel's posture during nursing.
- Lane · entry 26327
تَصَلَّبَ
To act or exert oneself with forced hardness, strength, courage, severity, or rigour; to strain oneself.
Used of a person who deliberately adopts a strenuous, severe, or unyielding manner.
- Lane · entry 26328
صُلْبٌ
Hard, firm, rigid, stiff, tough, strong, robust, or hardy.
The adjective has physical and general descriptive uses; it is also the basis for several figurative extensions.
- Lane · entry 26330
صُلْبٌ
A rugged, stony, hard, or elevated tract of ground.
Used of difficult terrain, including a hard or extensive stretch of earth and the hard ground of uncultivated land.
- Lane · entry 26330
صُلْبٌ
Firm, unyielding, or severe in disposition, treatment, or religious adherence.
Figurative uses include a person resistant in spirit, rigorous toward dependants, or steadfast in religion.
- Lane · entry 26330
صُلْبٌ
Forceful or vehement, of running, neighing, or a sound or cry.
A figurative extension of hardness and strength applied to vigorous motion or powerful sound.
- Lane · entry 26330
صُلْبٌ
The middle or main body of a page, as distinguished from its margin.
A technical extension from the central solid portion of something; it may also be applied to the corresponding middle of other objects.
- Lane · entry 26330
صُلْبٌ
Rank, quality, standing, power, or strength.
A figurative use in expressions about a person's social excellence or power.
- Lane · entry 26330
صُلْبٌ
Sexual intercourse.
A conventional use explained by the belief that the man's semen issues from the part called the صُلْب.
- Lane · entry 26330
صُلَبٌ
A bird resembling a hawk that does not prey and is notable for the force or loudness of its cry.
A specialized zoological term.
- Lane · entry 26332
صَلِيبٌ
Water that causes cattle to grow fat, strong, and hardy.
A descriptive adjective applied to water by reference to its effect on livestock.
- Lane · entry 26334
صَلِيبٌ
Of pure Arab descent or noble, generous origin.
Applied to a person or lineage; the examples include a pure-bred Arabian and a woman of noble origin.
- Lane · entry 26334
صَلِيبٌ
The grease or oily matter of bones; also the watery humour mixed with blood that flows from a corpse.
The plural may refer to people who collect bones, cook them, and extract their grease for seasoning.
- Lane · entry 26334
صَلِيبٌ
A cross, especially the cross used by Christians as an object toward which they direct themselves in prayer.
The word also supplies the basis for descriptions of cross-shaped marks and objects.
- Lane · entry 26334
صَلِيبٌ
A brand or mark made with a hot iron on a camel.
The mark may be large or small and is described as consisting of two crossing lines; accounts differ about its precise location on the animal.
- Lane · entry 26334
صَلِيبٌ
A banner or standard, understood as cross-shaped or bearing a cross.
A specialized poetic use motivated by the cross figured on the standard.
- Lane · entry 26334
صَلِيبٌ
An army of ten thousand soldiers.
A rare reported usage; its attestation is secondary and the expression is not otherwise broadly established in the supplied evidence.
- Lane · entry 26334
الصَّلِيبُ
A named group of four stars, identified in the supplied lexical discussion with a stellar asterism.
The exact astronomical identification varies in the cited accounts.
- Lane · entry 26334
صَلَابَةٌ
Hardness or firmness, especially hard ground.
The noun may describe walking over firm, hard earth.
- Lane · entry 26335
صَلِيبَةُ الرَّجُلِ
A man's descendants or family through those in his father's loins.
A lineage expression for a person's paternal descent, including named ancestral families.
- Lane · entry 26336
صُلَّبٌ
A very hard stone or a whetstone used for sharpening.
The term can refer collectively to whetstones or to something like a whetstone.
- Lane · entry 26337
صُلَّبِيٌّ
Sharpened or polished with a whetstone; especially a sharpened spearhead.
The adjective may describe a spearhead or a spear sharpened on the hard stone called صُلَّب.
- Lane · entry 26339
صُلْبُوبٌ
A reed or pipe used in a musical instrument, especially the tube or mouthpiece of a mizmar.
A specialized term for a component of the instrument.
- Lane · entry 26341
صَالِبٌ
A hot, burning, continual, or otherwise severe fever.
The term is contrasted with a fever attended by shivering and may also describe fever accompanied by intense heat or headache.
- Lane · entry 26342
صَوْلَبٌ
Seed scattered over the ground and then covered by ploughing.
The lexical status of this term is disputed; one supplied authority considers it non-Arabic or without an established Arabic root.
- Lane · entry 26343
مُصَلَّبٌ
A garment or piece of cloth figured with a cross or with cross designs.
The adjective describes cloth bearing a cross-shaped figure or one or more crosses.
- Lane · entry 26346
مُصَلَّبٌ
Marked with a cross-shaped brand or figure.
Applied to a camel bearing the صَلِيب brand or to a person bearing a cross-shaped facial mark.
- Lane · entry 26346
مُصَلِّبٌ
Becoming or having become dry, of ripe dates.
Used of ripe dates or an individual date that has reached dryness.
- Lane · entry 26347
مُصَلِّبٌ
Vehement and injurious, of rain.
A specialized descriptive use for damagingly forceful rain.
- Lane · entry 26347
مَصْلُوبٌ عَلَيْهِ
Affected by a continual and severe fever.
The expression may be explained as being affected by a fever called صَالِبٌ.
- Lane · entry 26348
Cautions
Points that affect how this root should be read.
The public headwords normalize internal QAC lemma forms to Classical Arabic citation forms; the Form I and Form II verbs are therefore displayed as صَلَبَ and صَلَّبَ.
The reported صَوْلَبٌ seed term has disputed Arabic status and is retained as a qualified Classical lexical report rather than as an unqualified core meaning. The astronomical and army senses under صَلِيبٌ are likewise rare or variably identified.