Quranic root
جور
j · w · r
The root centers on turning aside from a course or right way, with extensions to crookedness, injustice, and related forms of deviation. Its neighboring and protection vocabulary reflects proximity and the security created by close association or covenant.
The lexical development moves from physical proximity and neighboring to protective association, and from deviation from a path to moral or legal wrong. Heavy rain and related intensive senses are reported as exceptional or possibly separate developments.
- Maqāyīs · row 1256
- Mufradāt · row 218
- 6
- Quran-attested forms
- 7
- Quran senses
- 13
- Quran occurrences
Forms in the Quran
The forms this root actually takes in the Quran. Select one to jump to its senses and examples.
جَاوَرَ
jāwara
- Part of speech
- Verb · Form III
- Form
- III
- Quran occurrences
- 1 occurrence
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
To live near, neighbor, or remain in close proximity to someone.
The Quranic occurrence describes continued neighboring or proximity; the proximity sense may include a stranger who has become one's neighbor.
- Lane · entry 47737
- Mufradāt · row 218
Selected Quran examples
Quran 33:60word 16
“they will remain your neighbors”
أَجَارَ
ʾajāra
- Part of speech
- Verb · Form IV
- Form
- IV
- Quran occurrences
- 6 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
To grant protection, refuge, or safe-conduct; to preserve or rescue someone from feared harm or hostile treatment.
The Quranic form includes active, imperative, and passive constructions, including protection from or against a threatening power. Voice and aspect do not create separate lexical senses.
- Lane · entry 47738
- Mufradāt · row 218
Selected Quran examples
Quran 9:6word 6
“then grant him protection”
Quran 23:88word 10
“(can) be protected”
Quran 72:22word 4
“can protect me”
اِسْتَجَارَ
āistajāra
- Part of speech
- Verb · Form X
- Form
- X
- Quran occurrences
- 1 occurrence
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
To seek protection or refuge; to have recourse to someone for safety or rescue.
The subject seeks protection from another, and the transitive construction may specify the person whose protection is sought.
- Lane · entry 47742
- Mufradāt · row 218
Selected Quran examples
Quran 9:6word 5
“seek your protection”
جَائِر
jāʾir
- Part of speech
- Active participle
- Quran occurrences
- 1 occurrence
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
Deviating from the right way; crooked or departing from a straight course.
In the Quranic occurrence, the participle characterizes a route or course that departs from the straight way.
- Mufradāt · row 218
Selected Quran examples
Quran 16:9word 6
“(are) crooked”
جَار
jār
- Part of speech
- Noun
- Quran occurrences
- 3 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
A neighbor: one who lives near another.
The Quranic neighbor may be near by residence, kinship, or another recognized connection; the term is relational and carries an associated claim to regard and care.
- Lane · entry 47743
- Mufradāt · row 218
Selected Quran examples
Quran 4:36word 13
“and the neighbor”
A protector, guarantor, or one who grants refuge.
In the Quranic expression جار لكم, the noun denotes someone who undertakes to protect or give security, rather than merely someone living nearby.
- Lane · entry 47743
- Mufradāt · row 218
Selected Quran examples
Quran 8:48word 14
“a neighbor”
مُتَجَاوِر
mutajāwir
- Part of speech
- Active participle
- Quran occurrences
- 1 occurrence
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
Neighboring, adjacent, or situated next to one another.
The supplied Quran occurrence is a feminine plural active participle; the lexical relation is adjacency or proximity and is not restricted to a particular class of object.
- Lane · entry 47740
- Mufradāt · row 218
Selected Quran examples
Quran 13:4word 4
“neighboring”
Occurrences in the Quran
Every place this root appears, in Quran order. The first few are shown here.
- 4:36وَٱلْجَارِand the neighbor
- 4:36وَٱلْجَارِand the neighbor
- 8:48جَارٌۭa neighbor
- 9:6ٱسْتَجَارَكَseek your protection
- 9:6فَأَجِرْهُthen grant him protection
Broader Classical Arabic meanings
Recorded for this root in the Classical lexicons beyond its Quran usage. These are secondary to the Quran senses above.
Show 30 Classical meanings
جَارَ
To turn aside or deviate from a road, course, or right way; to act wrongfully, unjustly, injuriously, or tyrannically.
The first use is physical deviation; the related transitive moral use is commonly construed with عَلَيْهِ or with judgment.
- Lane · entry 47735
جَارَتِ الأَرْضُ
Of the plants or herbage of the land, to grow tall.
Reported as a tropical or figurative use.
- Lane · entry 47735
جَوَّرَ
To attribute or charge someone with wrongful, unjust, injurious, or tyrannical conduct.
This is the causative act of assigning such conduct to another.
- Lane · entry 47736
جَوَّرَ
To knock someone down or prostrate them by a blow, and to throw down, overturn, or dismantle a structure, tent, or household goods.
The same overthrowing branch applies to persons and to physical objects; the passive participle مُجَوَّرٌ can mean thrown down or overturned.
- Lane · entry 47736
- Lane · entry 47753
جَاوَرَ
To bind oneself to another by a covenant of protection, or to secure oneself through such a covenant.
The construction may describe entering a protective relationship with an individual or group, distinct from merely living nearby.
- Lane · entry 47737
جَاوَرَ
To confine oneself in a mosque or place of worship for a period of devotional retreat.
This is a conventional religious use associated with iʿtikāf-like seclusion.
- Lane · entry 47737
جَاوَرَ
To abide in a place, especially Mecca or Medina, commonly as a resident or student.
Residence in a named holy city does not necessarily imply the formal conditions of devotional retreat.
- Lane · entry 47737
أَجَارَ
To place household goods or commodities in a repository so as to preserve them from loss.
This is a preservation use applied to stored property.
- Lane · entry 47738
أَجَارَ
To separate bodies of water and prevent one from mixing with or encroaching upon another.
Reported in a traditional expression about dividing seas.
- Lane · entry 47738
تَجَوَّرَ
To fall or lie down; of a structure, to be thrown down or demolished.
The reported uses include a person becoming prostrate or lying on his side and a building collapsing or being demolished.
- Lane · entry 47739
تَجَاوَرَ
To bind oneself mutually with others by a covenant to protect one another.
This is the reciprocal protective-covenant use, distinct from reciprocal residence alone.
- Lane · entry 47740
جَار
A person placed under another's protection from wrongful treatment, injury, or tyranny.
The noun denotes the protected party in a protection relationship.
- Lane · entry 47743
جَار
A person who seeks or asks another for protection.
The expression جارُكَ means one who seeks the addressee's protection.
- Lane · entry 47743
جَار
An aider or assistant.
A generalized support sense, distinct from the more specific roles of protector and protected person.
- Lane · entry 47743
جَار
A confederate or ally bound by association.
The sense denotes an allied relationship rather than simple residential proximity.
- Lane · entry 47743
جَار
A marital partner: a woman's husband, or a man's wife; also, by extension, a beloved or fellow-wife.
These are reported conventional uses of the noun in marital relations.
- Lane · entry 47743
جَار
A partner or co-sharer in property, merchandise, or a division.
The partner may share immovable property, goods, or an undivided entitlement, including a partner entitled to share before division.
- Lane · entry 47743
جَار
The pudendum of a woman; figuratively, the anus.
Reported as a tropical anatomical use.
- Lane · entry 47743
جَار
The part of a sea-shore near places where people have settled.
The sense is defined by proximity to inhabited or occupied landing places.
- Lane · entry 47743
جَوْر
Deviation from the right course, and wrongful, unjust, injurious, or tyrannical conduct.
The noun can describe a road that deviates from the proper course or a person who departs from an accepted way.
- Lane · entry 47744
جَوْر
Being wronged or unjustly treated by a judge.
A resultative or passive sense reported in a traditional expression.
- Lane · entry 47744
جَوْر
An extraordinary abundance of property.
Reported as a tropical use.
- Lane · entry 47744
حُسْنُ الجِيرَة
Good-neighbor conduct or proper observance of the duties of neighboring and protective association.
An idiomatic expression praising someone's manner of living as a neighbor or fulfilling a protective covenant.
- Lane · entry 47747
جِوَرّ
Rain accompanied by vehement thunder, copious rain, or an exceedingly great torrent.
The torrent sense is reported as an extension of the heavy-rain meaning.
- Lane · entry 47748
جِوَرّ
A hard, strong, or bulky camel.
The term is applied to a robust camel; a related use describes a camel that brays loudly.
- Lane · entry 47748
جَوَار
The part of a house's exterior court or yard that is coextensive with the house.
A specialized architectural use.
- Lane · entry 47749
جَوَار
Abundant and deep water; by extension, rain.
The rain use derives from the abundance of water.
- Lane · entry 47749
جَوَار
A reported variant form used for ships.
This is recorded as a dialectal or lexical variant.
- Lane · entry 47749
جِوَار / جُوَار
A covenant between parties by which one or both parties are bound to protect the other.
The nouns are used for protective association and, in some attestations, for the covenant itself.
- Lane · entry 47737
- Lane · entry 47750
جَائِر
Wide or large, especially of a bucket or a skin container.
Reported as a tropical adjectival use, distinct from deviation or injustice.
- Lane · entry 47752
Cautions
Points that affect how this root should be read.
The proximity, neighbor, and protective-covenant branches are related but are not interchangeable in every construction.
The heavy-rain sense of جِوَرٌّ is treated as a reported lexical branch; its relation to the core root is described as exceptional or possibly separate in the root-level evidence.