Quranic root
جلد
j · l · d
The root centers on strength, solidity, and the resilient outer covering of the body: the skin.
From the skin's firmness and resistance, the lexicon develops meanings of bodily covering, physical strength and endurance, hard ground, and objects made tough or covered with skin.
- Maqāyīs · row 1194
- 3
- Quran-attested forms
- 5
- Quran senses
- 13
- Quran occurrences
Forms in the Quran
The forms this root actually takes in the Quran. Select one to jump to its senses and examples.
جَلَدَ
jalada
- Part of speech
- Verb · Form I
- Form
- I
- Quran occurrences
- 2 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
To flog or strike a person with a whip as corporal punishment.
The Quranic form occurs as a plural imperative in the legal instruction to administer a prescribed flogging.
- Lane · entry 47135
- Mufradāt · row 259
Selected Quran examples
Quran 24:2word 3
“[then] flog”
Quran 24:4word 9
“then flog them”
جَلْدَة
jaldah
- Part of speech
- Noun
- Quran occurrences
- 2 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
A lash or stripe of flogging.
In the Quranic legal construction, the word counts individual lashes or stripes administered in a flogging.
- Mufradāt · row 259
Selected Quran examples
Quran 24:2word 8
“lash(es)”
Quran 24:4word 11
“lashe(s)”
جِلْد
jild
- Part of speech
- Noun
- Quran occurrences
- 9 occurrences
Selected examples are shown with the sense they illustrate — chosen to teach that sense, not the complete list of this form’s Quran occurrences.
Skin; the body's outer integument, including animal hide.
The Quran uses the plural جُلُود for the physical skins or hides of human beings and animals, including skins that feel, testify, burn, or are replaced.
- Lane · entry 47143
- Mufradāt · row 259
Selected Quran examples
Quran 4:56word 10
“their skins”
Quran 16:80word 10
“the hides”
The body or embodied self, spoken of through its skins.
This is a Quranic metonymic use distinguished from the literal skin; in the discussion of 39:23, skins are understood as the bodies, contrasted with hearts as the selves or inner persons.
- Mufradāt · row 259
Selected Quran examples
Quran 39:23word 10
“(the) skins”
The pudenda or genitals, by euphemistic metonymy.
An alternative Quranic interpretation of جُلُود in 41:20–21; the literal interpretation, “skins,” is also reported for these verses.
- Lane · entry 47143
- Mufradāt · row 259
Selected Quran examples
Quran 41:20word 9
“and their skins”
Quran 41:21word 2
“to their skins”
Occurrences in the Quran
Every place this root appears, in Quran order. The first few are shown here.
- 4:56جُلُودُهُمtheir skins
- 4:56جُلُودًاskins
- 16:80جُلُودِthe hides
- 22:20وَٱلْجُلُودُand the skins
- 24:2فَٱجْلِدُوا۟[then] flog
Broader Classical Arabic meanings
Recorded for this root in the Classical lexicons beyond its Quran usage. These are secondary to the Quran senses above.
Show 36 Classical meanings
جَلَدَ
To hit or hurt the skin, to beat a person, or to strike with a whip or sword.
The Quranic legal flogging is a specialized use of this broader striking action; the passive result of being struck or flogged is also expressed by مَجْلُود.
- Lane · entry 47135
جَلَدَ
Of a serpent, to bite; according to another usage, for a specified black serpent, to strike with its tail.
A specialized animal-related usage.
- Lane · entry 47135
جَلَدَ
To approach sexually or have sexual intercourse.
A figurative or metonymic use; the related phrase جَلْدُ عُمَيْرَةَ refers to masturbation.
- Lane · entry 47135
جَلَدَ
To strike someone against the ground and throw him down prostrate; in the passive, to fall to the ground under an overpowering condition such as sleepiness.
Used in constructions with بِهِ.
- Lane · entry 47135
جَلَدَ
To compel someone against his will to do something.
A figurative transitive construction with عَلَى.
- Lane · entry 47135
جَلَدَ
In idiomatic passive expressions, to be regarded as possessing every good quality; in a separate reported use, to be suspected or accused of lying.
These are specialized figurative assessments rather than the physical striking sense.
- Lane · entry 47135
جُلِدَتِ الأَرْضُ
For land, plants, or people to be affected or smitten by hoarfrost or rime.
A specialized intransitive or passive-like use concerning frost damage or exposure.
- Lane · entry 47135
- Lane · entry 47149
- Lane · entry 47159
جَلُدَ
To be or become hardy, strong, sturdy, and enduring or patient; the same hardness can describe robust palms and tough, compact dates.
Applied primarily to people and, by extension, to resilient plants or hard, durable produce.
- Lane · entry 47135
- Lane · entry 47142
جَلَّدَ
To skin a slaughtered camel or other beast.
This Form II verb is specially used for removing the skin from a slaughtered camel, where سَلَخَ is said to be less usual.
- Lane · entry 47136
جَلَّدَ
To cover or clothe something with skin; by extension, to bind or cover a book.
The verb can describe both removing a skin and applying or covering with one, two opposed operations distinguished by context.
- Lane · entry 47136
جَلَّدَ
To order that someone be flogged.
A reported usage preserved in the lexical record without an authority being specified there.
- Lane · entry 47136
جَلَّدَ
To render a person hardy, strong, sturdy, and enduring or patient.
A causative Form II use derived from the quality of hardiness.
- Lane · entry 47136
جَالَدَ
To contend with someone in fighting, especially in combat with swords.
A reciprocal or adversarial Form III construction.
- Lane · entry 47137
أَجْلَدَ
To constrain or compel someone to have recourse to, or stand in need of, someone or something.
An idiomatic Form IV construction with إِلَى.
- Lane · entry 47138
تَجَلَّدَ
To constrain oneself to endure with hardiness and patience, or to affect and display such hardiness.
The verb can mean genuinely bracing oneself or merely putting on a show of strength; it may take عَنْ when it implies enduring the loss or absence of something.
- Lane · entry 47139
اِجْتَلَدَ
To drink all that is in a vessel.
A specialized Form VIII usage applied to consuming the vessel's entire contents.
- Lane · entry 47141
جَلْدَة
A strong, hardy, or swift she-camel; in related livestock terminology, a ewe, she-goat, or she-camel characterized by a specified condition of offspring or milk, including abundant, scant, or absent milk.
The terminology varies by animal and authority; some usages emphasize strength for labor, while others classify females without young or milk.
- Lane · entry 47142
- Lane · entry 47144
أَجْلَاد
The body and limbs, the whole person, or the person himself.
A metonymy based on the body being enclosed by skin; the cited lexical form is the plural أَجْلَاد.
- Lane · entry 47143
جَلَد
The stripped skin of one young animal used to clothe or simulate another young animal, or a stuffed skin placed before a female so that she accepts and suckles a non-offspring.
A pastoral practice involving the transfer or simulation of an animal's scent and appearance.
- Lane · entry 47144
جَلَد
Hard ground, including hard and level or level but rough terrain.
Used adjectivally of land or a place.
- Lane · entry 47144
جِلْدَة
A piece or portion of skin.
A more specific term than جِلْد.
- Lane · entry 47147
جِلْدَةُ العَيْنِ
The eyelid.
An anatomical specialization of the term for a piece or layer of skin.
- Lane · entry 47147
جِلْدَة
One's own people, company, or kinsfolk.
A figurative expression for people of the same stock or group.
- Lane · entry 47147
جَلِيد
A woman who has been flogged with a whip.
A specialized nominal use distinct from the ordinary passive description of someone beaten.
- Lane · entry 47149
جَلِيد
Congealed or frozen water; ice.
A related but distinct cold-weather noun, alongside the meaning hoarfrost or rime.
- Lane · entry 47149
جُلَيْدَة
One of the layers or coats of the eye.
A diminutive anatomical term derived from جِلْدَة.
- Lane · entry 47150
جُلُودِيّ
A dealer in skins.
A relational noun derived from جُلُود, the plural of جِلْد.
- Lane · entry 47151
جَلَّاد
An official whose occupation is flogging others with a whip; more generally, an executioner.
The broader executioner sense is a later or extended usage noted in the lexical record.
- Lane · entry 47152
مِجْلَد
A piece of skin held by a wailing woman and used to slap her face or cheek during mourning.
A ritual mourning implement; مِجْلَاد is given as a related form.
- Lane · entry 47155
مُجَلَّد
Covered with skin; hence covered or bound as a book, and a bound volume.
The nominal extension from skin-covering to a book or volume is conventional.
- Lane · entry 47156
مُجَلَّد
A bone covered only by skin, with nothing remaining on it but the skin.
A specialized descriptive use.
- Lane · entry 47156
مُجَلَّد
A horse that is hardy and not frightened or impatient when beaten with a whip.
A figurative application of endurance under beating.
- Lane · entry 47156
مُجَلَّد
A fixed quantity of a load, traditionally six hundred pounds in weight.
A technical measure of burden or weight.
- Lane · entry 47156
مُجَلِّد
One who binds books or covers them with skin.
An occupational noun derived from the Form II skin-covering verb.
- Lane · entry 47157
مَجْلُود
Having been struck or hurt in the skin; beaten or flogged.
A passive participial result of the striking and flogging branch of جَلَدَ.
- Lane · entry 47159
مُجْتَلَد
A place where people contend in fighting with swords.
A place noun derived from the Form VIII fighting usage.
- Lane · entry 47160
Cautions
Points that affect how this root should be read.
The plural Quranic form جُلُود is normalized under the singular dictionary headword جِلْد.
The interpretation of جُلُود in 41:20–21 is genuinely variant: literal skins and euphemistic reference to the pudenda are both preserved.
The packet's integrity metadata reports 60 Lane primary source units, while the supplied source-unit objects contain 61 distinct unit IDs; the coverage ledger follows every supplied unit object.